Essay Comparing the Runes and Magic in Beowulf and The Saga of the Volsungs :: comparison compare contrast essays

Runes and Magic in Beowulf and The Saga of the Volsungs In the Old English meter Beowulf and in the Icelandic The Saga of the Volsungs, a saga representing oral exam traditions dating back to the tail and fifth centuries, we see the reference work of runes, which were used with connotations of magic or charms. An unbeknownst(predicate) author wrote the The Saga of the Volsungs in the thirteenth century, basing his story on far h unrivalledst-to-goodness Norse poetry. Iceland was settled by the Vikings about 870-930, who took there the famous sic of Sigurd and the Volsungs. Native Icelandic poets loved the story of Sigurd and the Huns, Goths, Burgundians, with whom he interacted. This prose story is ground on traditional Norse verse called Eddic poetry, a form of mythological or heroic lay which developed before 1000 in the oral folk culture of Old Scandinavia. In The Saga of the Volsungs the hero Sigurd is the one who corresponds best with the hero Beowulf in the Ang lo-Saxon tradition. George Clark in The Hero and the reputation mentions The form of Beowulf taken as a whole suggests both the deals Son folktale type (especially as we find it in Scandinavia) and the combat myth. . . . (286). The combat myth is what this saga is. When Sigurd was born, he was the grandson of King Eylimi when Beowulf was born, he was the grandson of King Hrethel. The king said of Sigurd that none would be his like or equal (55), and this proved true Beowulf as a young humanity was so strong that he was the strongest of all living men (196). The similarities amongst Sigurd and Beowulf continue through both works. The Icelandic skald is the equivalent of the Anglo-Saxon scop. He was a storyteller. Icelandic material builds on a long oral tradition just like Anglo-saxon, going back in their stories to the one-quarter and fifth centuries (Byock 2). Skalds stayed in the royal courts of Scandinavia like their counterparts to the south. Beowulf is an Anglo-Saxon narrative verse whose oral traditions date back to the sixth century. We see the first mention of runes in this poem in connection with the magic sword. When the hero is in deadly combat with Grendels mother in the mere, he is at the point of being killed by the monster when suddenly God shows to him the heading of a special sword nearby on the wall.

film and animation graphics :: essays research papers fc

INTRODUCTION     Hollywood has done for(p) digital, and the old focuss of doing things argon dying. Animation and special effects created with computers take a leak been embraced by television networks, advertisers, and movie studios alike. Film alterors, who for decades worked trying to make scenes encounter real are now sitting in front of computers screens.They edit entire features while adding sound that is not only stored digitally, but that is in any case created and managed with computers. Viewers are witnessing the results of all this in the form of stories and experiences that they never daydream of before. Perhaps the most surprising aspect of all this, however, is that the entire digital effects and animation industry is still growing pretty operose and, the future looks bright.In the beginning, computer artistic production were really hard to manipulate but with time the computer software companies started to improve their programs, adding m ore tools and key features, which helped the way computers generated pictures, simulating real world scenes.1Creating computer graphics is essentially more or less three things Modeling, Animation, and Rendering. Modeling is the process by which 3-dimensional aspirations are built inside the computer animation is about making those objects come to invigoration with movement, and rendering is about giving them their ultimate appearance and looks. Hardware is the brains and brawniness of computer graphics, but it is powerless without the right software. It is the software that allows the modeler to public figure a computer graphic object that helps the animator bring this object to life, and that, in the end, gives the image its final look. Sophisticated computer graphics software for commercial studios is either purchased for $30,000 to $50,000, or developed in-house by computer programmers. close studios use a combination of both, developing new software to collide with new project needs. MODELING     Modeling is the first step in creating any 3D computer graphics. Modelingin computer graphics is a little like sculpting, a little like grammatical construction models with wood, plastic and glue, and a lot like CAD. Its flexibility and potential are unmatched in any other art form. With computer graphics it is possible 2to build entire worlds and entire realities. Each fuck have its own laws, its own looks, and its own scale of time and space. portal to these 3-dimensional computer realities is almost always through the 2-dimensional window of a computer monitor. This can lead to the misunderstanding that 3-D modeling is and the production perspective drawings.

When Was Barbie Given Bendable Legs

Hatfield 1 Kristin Hatfield Professor Clark English 101 3037 Page one hundred seventy-five Assignment 4 Paper 5 October 31, 2012 Barbie An Ameri shag Icon Icons like Barbie recognized for their popularity and effects on society. Barbie is a subject of obsession on the whole oer the introduction. Collectors, consumers and even some designers become enthralled in the Barbie world. Designers crystalize water special designs to fit a specific trend of the high style runways. Collectors all over the world collect and spend amazing amounts of capital to have the original Barbie in their collection.The consumers have do Barbie a confessedly icon in American refining. The Barbie annulus was invented in 1959 by commiseration Handler (co-founder of Mattel), whose own daughter was called Barbara. The Barbie doll was introduced to the world at the American Toy Fair in New York City. Barbies job was teenage devise doll. In 1965, Barbie first had bendable legs, and eyes that open and shut. In 1967, a Twist N Turn Barbie was released that had a moveable body that deformed at the waist. The best-selling Barbie doll forever was 1992 Totally Hair Barbie, with hairs-breadth from the top of her head to her toes.The first Barbie was sold for $3. Additional clothing establish on the latest runway trends from Paris were sold, costing from $1 to $5. In the first year (1959), 300,000 Barbie dolls were sold. Today, a mint condition 1 (1959 Barbie doll) can fetch as much as $27,450. To date, over 70 means designers have made clothes for Mattel, using over 105 trillion yards of fabric. Barbie has had a huge impact on the fashion industry for over fifty years. . (Mary Bellis, About. com Guide) Hatfield 2 This is what the proportions of a deportment-size Barbie doll would look likeImage from (thefrisky. com) thither has been some controversy over Barbie Dolls figure when it was real numberized that if Barbie was a real person her measurements would be an impossible 36-1 8-38. Barbies real measurements are 5 inches (bust), 3 ? inches (waist), 5 3/16 inches (hips). Her weight is 7 ? ounces, and her height is 11. 5 inches tall. These measurements seem unattainable to me as a woman living in a world of super-sized portions of food at every corner. Nevertheless, Mattel has also responded to concerns around Barbies body.In 1997 Barbies body mold was redesigned and given a wider waist, which would make her better suited to contemporary fashion designs. (The Examiner. com) I can clear remember my first Barbie. I was five years old. It was Christmas day and I was very excited to own my very own Barbie. Along with the doll I also received a dream house, a exploit corvette, swimming pool, and even a Ken doll to make the Barbie world complete. I was instantly obsessed with the idea and the make believe life I imagined for my dolls. Not once did I ever think of these dolls as role models or as having a certain body find that I must follow n order to be rec ognized in society.Unfortunately, a lot of mothers and women believe that the doll has made unfledged women obsessive about their size and looks. Hatfield 3 Overall, this American Icon has influenced our culture in a way Mattel probably never could have ever imagined. Barbie is a doll that creates and follows fashion trends just as the world does. This iconic doll has changed her clothing, hairstyles, automobiles, friends, houses and pets. Barbie is one doll that never goes out of style and has made fashion dolls a great pastime for collectors and children young and old.

Anthro Assignment

Anthropology 100Dr. Judkins polish 2012 Writing Assignment by Christina OShea In the early ordinal century, Arnold van Gennep, a French ethnographer, wrote The Rites of transportation in which he describes the care for of changing social states of being. This one possibleness has certainly made a deep impact on anthropological thought due to the incident that it plenty be utilize to a number of situations, both previous(prenominal) and present, in which transitions are made. It stool also be used as an educational tool for people to use so that they can grant a better understanding of the practices of piecey different cultures.In fact, many examples of the theory of Gennep can be found in ethnographic autobiographies, such as sun principal(prenominal) The Autobiography of a Hopi by turn in C. Talayesva. solarise brain The Autobiography of a Hopi is the myth of gain C. Talayesva, a man raised as a Hopi Indian and then trained as a white man. Written from his point of view, the autobiography anyows the reader to concord a better understanding of Hopi culture as take up shares the story of his life. At one point in the work, take over mentions a peculiar(prenominal) moment in his life when he decided to join his gravel on a salt excursion to Little Grand Canyon.I can honestly say that when I premiere read of the salt trip of fatigue, I did non really think much of it. I believed that the occasion that this event was even mentioned was to describe to the reader the method that the Hopi Indians used to make headway salt. However, after learning the rights of handing over theory of Arnold van Gennep, I began to get in that this move became more to do with initiation rather than nutrition. In The Rites of Passage, Van Gennep explains that a rite of personation has three phases that are handled finished ritual and a symbolic code by which we understand meaning.The initiatory phase is called the separation phase in which you remo ve yourself from a author social status. In Sun Chief, one example of how Don used this phase while on the expedition was before the journey even began. Don states that on the morning of the expedition, the War Chief sprinkled a corn-meal path, placed a feather upon it with the breath line pointing westward distri butively of us stepped on the road-marker, and the expedition was under way. Throughout the journey, Don describes the ultiple springer of must perform while on the salt expedition in which he and his traveling companions concede respect to the ancestors and the gods which allowing Don to sustain more spiritually, in that respectby preparing him for his transition. Following in the tradition of his ancestors, Don carves his association emblem on a rock in bon ton to pay respect to Hopi salt assembleers from years passed. At the shrine of the Salt Woman, Don also has intercourse with the shrine as a supplicant for wellness and an increase in offspring. Since it was his first expedition, Don had to strip completely peeled beforehand.While reading of the confused tasks that Don had to complete on his journey, I realised that the union of commitment that Don had to these preparations reminded me of how I entangle as I was preparing to receive the sacrament of Confirmation. By deciding to be a prospect for Confirmation, I, like Don, chose to follow in the footsteps of my parents and grow more spiritually. In order to be confirmed, I had to complete various activities to prove that I should become an adult extremity of the Catholic Church.The second phase of passage is called the liminality or transition phase is essentially the middle point where the essential transformation takes place. When Don arrives at the kiva and the hole through which mankind emerged, since this was his first salt expedition, he is given the task by the War Chief to reach down into an empty cavity, where the kiva was connected, while holding a prayer feather sprin kled with corn meal in his hand. In exchange for the feather, the animate, traditionally, give give to Don the coveted yellow clay that, Don states, is always used for paho making.Without headache Don reached down, while being held firm by his nonplus and the War Chief, into the hole and, while letting go of each feather, drew handfuls of clay. During this, Don states I could feel the presence of spirits below, who accepted the feather and gave me clay. afterward depositing the feathers and praying, Don and his companions proceeded to a polished fountain, high atop which was a cupped top overflowing with salt that they proceeded to gather for themselves and for the Salt Woman. While reading of the spiritual connection that Don experienced, I remembered that which I received during my Confirmation ceremony.I had spent months preparing for this moment and at one time, at keen-sighted last, there I was, wearing my red robe sitting in the pew in front of the church, waiting fo r my name to be called. Finally, when I was called by the bishop to come to him in front of the alter, I, like Don, showed no fear as I rose out of the pew and walked down the gangplank of the church with my back to the congregation. After being called by the name of the exaltation that I chose to honor, I received a blessing from the bishop and was proclaimed a confirmed member of the Catholic Church.The third and final phase of passage is called the re-aggregation phase in which one re-enters society with their new status. In Sun Chief, when all of the needed salt is gathered, it is determined that the expedition is now over and Don and the others begin the journey home. As they pass the various shrines Don notices that his offerings had been viewed favorably by the spirits. Eventually, after distributing a large amount of salt to the Salt Woman, they reached Moenkopi and, after turning the road-marker, which they used in the blood line of their journey, eastward, they soon mad e their way back home to Oriabi.Don is asked by his father what he thought of the salt expedition. Don replies that it was pretty tough and he believes that the salt that they have gathered will not last them a year. His father replies that this is the way that most young men think now. After finishing Dons account of the salt expedition, I could not help but sympathize with Don. After all of the steps that Don had to preform, Don probably thought that he would receive a large amount of salt than he actually got.As I was preparing to receive Confirmation, there were times where I would be sacrificing time, which, at the time, I felt was more important and so, I began to wonder if all of these preparations were even worth waiver through. However, I soon realized that spiritual growth is not something that is upright given to you it is something that is earned. Therefore, the journey to that growth needed to be tough for it showed how much you wanted it. Throughout the process, I kept reminding myself that it would all be worth it and, in the end, it was.After being confirmed into the Catholic Church, I instantly felt the feeling of satisfaction and accomplishment. I was now officially an adult member of the Catholic Church. I also felt that through this sacrament, I had full-grown more spiritually and that my relationship with God had grown stronger. In Dons case, without question, he showed no fear as he performed each of the tasks and, though he did not think so at the time, all of the preparation was truly worth it. While on the expedition, Don compensable tribute to both the spirits and the ancestors allowing him to grow more spiritually.Since Don participated in the expedition, his elders no longer consider Don a novice for he has now gained experience necessary to assist him in the future. By expiration on this salt journey, Don has shown his respect for his culture and how he honors the traditions and customs of his heritage. By using van Genneps rites of passage theory, the overall body structure and true meaning of Dons salt expedition has certainly become clearer. Using this information, I have also found that van Genneps theory cannot only be applied to the salt expedition, but to other life events of Don as well.Other instances in Sun Chief where van Genneps rites of passage theory can be applied are when Don was born, when he became married to Irene and when he was initiated into the Wowochim society. By exhibit me how Dons journey of spiritual growth resembled my own, I can now say that van Genneps, surprisingly universal, theory has allowed me to have a better understanding of Dons culture. Works Cited 1. Talayesva, D. (1942). Sun question The autobiography of a hopi. (p. 232-246). London, England Yale University Press.

Ready to Eat Cereal Case Study Essay

The value chain, App extirpateix B, in the RTE food grain attention consists of target manufactures and common soldier labels that receive their raw materials from suppliers and then distribute their product to diet keeps, drug stores, and mass merchandisers where the quit consumer crumb eventually purchase the grain product. tete-a-tete labels rely on wholesalers and third-party distributors to get their product on the store shelves where the end consumer flowerpot purchase these items. In the RTE texture industry, there were tether large manufacturers, world-wide mill ab out(a), Kellogg and Philip Morris that had a strong presence in the foodstuff. They were extremely profitable with pricing power and dominated the whole securities industry with keen market division all this do it unattractive for potential unseasoned companies participateing the RTE food grain grass industry.According to Appendix 2, Kellogg was one of the cosmic third companies in the RTE texture industry with an average market sh be of 40.25 from 1950 to 1993 in the whole industry. The industry was concentrated and the market structure for the industry was an oligopoly. The return of RTE cereal requires booty as the raw materials. Due to the fact that dough is a very common material, the power of the suppliers is low. Buyers work shift bes were low because customers can freely choose different brands and products. Companies, in order to increase their customers brand loyalty to legitimate products, are catering coupons and promotions, which subsequently increase the buyers switching follow and relegate buyers bargaining power.There is high competition breathing among RTE cereal companies the giving third companies had strong position and market share in the industry and are continuously introducing bare-ass brands and products causing increase competition in the industry. The high penetration barrier in the RTE cereal industry was another factor that contributed to its high profitability and make the industry even more(prenominal)(prenominal) concentrated over time. The toll to manufacture RTE cereal was high to achieve a minimum efficient scale. The high cost for building a cereal conceptiont and labor requirement made the capital requirements enormous for a hot entry, contributing to our argument that the entry barriers are high. Existing Big trio companies were believed to restrain competition and new entry among themselves.They owned strong distribution channels and focused on the proper stocking, display, and promotion with supermarket chains and food stores, leaving little style for new companies to enter the industry. They emphasized the prime shelf space situation in supermarket chains and food stores because the wide brand selection for customers can decrease their companies competitive advantage with no name brands. By guaranteeing their products prevent at the most valued center-aisle positions, providing di scounts and cash payments to sellers, major companies made new entry to the industry unprofitable. In addition, existing major companies promoted coupons and in-pack premiums such as free toys and gifts to increase product sales and build brand loyalty.They withal offered discounts to retailers for special treatment and promotions. This combined effort increased major companies sureness in the market share and the whole industry. Existing major companies withal introduced a majority of new products and brands, making potential companies unable to enter the industry. At this point it looks as if the Big 3s control condition over the RTE Cereal Industry will be everlasting until now it is hard to guarantee that a company will have sustainable competitive advantage over the industry.The industry crisis began when consumers started buying natural cereals. The Big Three did not prepare for this consumer demand, allowing other competitors to gain part of the market share. The threa t of a substitute product, natural cereals, was increasing rivalry among competing firms in the RTE Cereal Industry. Although it was hard to imitate the Big Three, competitors found a track around this and found substitutes that consumers were interested in.Once common soldier label competitors entered the market they were able to be successful in the industry by averaging totally $1.90 per pound, which is significantly less expensive than the Big Three, who were charging $3.20 per pound. Private labels also had a better relationship with the grocers because of the better margins they offered to them. This was a bargaining tool Private Labels used to their advantage. Now their product was being placed in more strategically placed locations throughout the grocery store, which increased their sales and lessen the Big Threes sales. In addition to allowing competitors into the industry, the Big Three hurt themselves by spending millions of dollars on coupons and publicise. There wa s little to no results that proved these methods were effective in gaining market share.For example, the RTE cereal industry spend $800 million in advertisements and condescension promotions, but did not see overmuch reward other than non-loyal consumers switching their products based on current avocation promotions. Another factor of the industry crisis was due to the fact that the Big Three stopped their united front of raising wrongs together. The Big Three no longer made strategic moves together and in return made it easier for others to enter the industry.At the start of the RTE Cereal Industry the Big Three offered value to their customers, however over time their capabilities were possessed by some competitors, not making their organizations rare. This hurt their competitive advantage among the market. In the end the Big Three were not able to compete on cost and the willingness to pay from the consumer was declining as more substitutes came into play. Private labels fa ced relatively few entry barriers to become a potential threat to the branded manufacturers within the industry.The lack of product differentiation between the products of branded cereal manufacturers and private labels and the ability of private labels to offer their product at a cheaper hurt contributed to much of their success, Private labels success can also be attributed to the declining brand loyalty of popular branded manufacturers. Branded manufacturers relied heavily upon the distribution of promotional coupons to their consumer base, but as a result this tactic forced many customers to become price switching and brand switching sensitive that in conclusion worked to the private labels favor.Furthermore, private labels success really was impacted by the high margins their products offered to retailers, which were higher by 3% in comparison to branded manufacturers. The cost structures of private labels and branded cereal manufacturers have distinct differences, which ha s given private labels a strong competitive advantage in the industry. Private labels advertizement and R&D expenses were less than branded manufacturers, which allowed the private labels to offer their product at a cheaper price.A typical cost disruption per pound of cereal product for the Big Three cereal firms shows that 23.43% of the retail price accounted towards their advertising expenses which is about 40% less than what private labels contributed towards advertising expenditures. Ralstons advertising expenses, the firm that dominated the private label cereal market, totaled to $0.15 per pound which about half of what other is branded cereal manufacturers contributed towards advertising. Private labels also relied on third-party distributors to deliver their product to stores. This assisted in cutting expenses by not requiring capital to create an independent distribution channel. Many private labels veerd forwarding costs by packaging their cereal product in large pla stic bags that proved to be a more cost-effected solution than using cardboard boxes.There are a number of things that worldwide mill about may have been act to accomplish when they decided to reduce prices and traffic promotions in 1994, with the main campaign being to improve the overall profit performance of their cereal division, Big G. Big G was the most profitable division of normal Mills representing 30% of the companys total profit. By cutting $clxxv million out of trade promotions and reducing the prices of their biggest brands by an average of 11%, general Mills hoped to become a more efficient firm. normal Mills president Stephan Sanger backed up his plan for trade promotions by claiming the 50 cents that the consumer saves by clipping a coupon can cost manufacturers as much as 75 cents. When General Mills announced this plan to cut pricing and promotion, they believed they would be the industry draw with all other firms following suit. However, Kellogg decided to stick with their price up and spend back line.The industry was split between the two market strategies and bound to follow whichever approach generated more profit. By cutting $clxxv million from their promotion and couponing budget and reducing the prices of their biggest brands by 11%, General Mills was taking incredible risk. Cutting the promotion and couponing budget is the superlative source of the risk. The most obvious aspect of that is the loss of visibility. Customers find out about products through promotions or coupons and if those promotions and coupons are not as readily available as those of the competitor, it is hard for General Mills product to be as visible. Competition within breakfast cereal brands is high.Several people, frequently times referred to as savers, shop primarily based on coupons available. If coupons for General Mills brands are no available, these people will purchase cereal brands where coupons are available. The benefit of this termination, h owever, is that coupons in this industry are actually be the company money. That being said, it is also difficult to put a price on the visibility that the coupon provides. General Mills decision to reduce the price of their major brands comes at a risk as well. This could be perceived by competitors as price-cutting and could start a price battle, which would end up poor for both General Mills and theircompetitors.As a competitor of General Mills, our expectation would be for them to have an almost expect and see scheme. We would not rush into any decision. Instead, we would see how this works for General Mills and then make a decision. By cutting promotions and coupons, General Mills is losing visibility but by cutting their prices, they are more attractive to the consumer who is already in the store. It is difficult to judge the benefit of that trade off so waiting to see what happens with General Mills is the strategy that is most appropriate for competitors. On the other han d, as General Mills, this decision has been made and they should stick to it. It boils down to the tradeoff discussed above. This seems to be a perilous business decision for several reasons however this strategy should be monitored fast and reevaluated after a several months to determine the effectiveness and a plan to move forward from there.

Drama Coursework Essay

The main reason I chose this conjure was that there were deuce womanish point of references in the extract and two female actors in the group. I liked the way the relationship betwixt the two characters developed during the extract. At the beginning of the play, there is a professional, rather hail-fellow-well-met relationship but by the end, both characters hate each other. I to a fault liked the way my character, Mrs Lyons, descends into madness.When I first started to rehearse this play, I found that it was harder than I expected. This is the first serious play I ingest been involved in, so I found it hard to say the lines convincingly and naturally.I suggested that I should talk with a more educated interpreter and that my render, Becky, should talk with a more common voice to emphasise the favor qualified difference between the two characters. I also suggested some ideas for what we should wear.In my coursework I wanted to present a convincing portrayal of a wealthy, ed ucated woman who, faced with a extremely distressing, dependingly insuperable personal conundrum, sees what looks like a perfect solution, but which ends up impetuous her to madness. I wanted to initially gain the audiences apprehension for her predicament by arraying how much she wanted children and to found her as a reasonable person.I considered the second photograph the most distinguished as this was when my character discovered that her employee was expecting twins and couldnt afford to persist them both and when the plan for Mrs Lyons to pretend to be pregnant and to keep hotshot of the babies was hatched. In this horizon, she promises Mrs Johns olfactory perception that the baby entrust be better off with her, and that Mrs Johnstone will be able to see him every day as she comes to work. However, in the next scene, she breaks that promise by sacking her. I wanted to show that the sacking was motivated by Mrs Johnstones paranoia. In the final scene I wanted to demon strate that my characters mental wellness had deteriorated.I tested to portray that she was wealthy and educated was by talk in an upper-class, educated express, and by dressing in a smartness suit. I could prevail improved my carrying into action by making my accent more pronounced, doing my hair in a more sophisticated way, and draining some tasteful make-up.In the first scene I tried to lend her longing for a child by delivering the words as if I was completely wrapped up in my problem and as if I was talking to myself instead than anyone in particular. To demonstrate this, when I express the lines about only buying such a big theatre in the hope of having children, I looked down at the table rather than looking at my partner because I wanted to make it seem as if Mrs Lyons felt vulnerable because she was being so open.I tough on what I was doing at the time, which was getting something out of my bag, to try and convey that my character was fighting back tears, and did nt want to look at Mrs Johnstone in case she showed her any sympathy or pity, which might have made her cry. I think I could have emphasised my characters reaction when she found out that Mrs Johnstone was pregnant in a similar way to Kara when she choked back her tea.In the second scene I wanted to show the first signs of my characters madness, when, on learning that Mrs Johnstone is expecting twins, she comes up with the extraordinary idea that she should fake her pregnancy and record one of the babies. I tried to express how she got more excited by speaking more quickly and by the tone of my voice. I also moved around a lot and started to talk more to myself than to my partner as my character got more carried away with her plan.In the third scene, where Mrs Lyons sacks Mrs Johnstone, I started off talking in a very authoritative tone and avoided eye contact with Becky because the supply teacher explained that when you have a problem with someone, you dont look at them. As the co nversation develops, and Mrs Johnstone threatens to ascertain the baby away or tell the police, I wanted to show that Mrs Lyons was manipulating Mrs Johnstone by playing on her superstition and lying to her that shell be locked up if she tells anyone what happens. I showed this by getting close up to Becky and talking quite slowly and with a deep voice, in a threatening way. Because I am quite a bit taller than Becky, I was also able to look down on her, which reflected the difference in class between the two characters.I think it was a mistake to avoid mannerisms as compared to some other groups, whose little individual touches made their plays stand out, our performance was quite boring.

Historical Background of Victimology Essay

I. IntroductionThe nature and goal of development is non adequately understood across the foundation. Millions of people passim the world deliver jural injury as a result of offence, the ab role of billet, terrorist act and separatewise blunt misfortunes. Their rights and needs as dupes of this harm score not been adequately recognise. The UN General Assembly adopted the declaration on base Principles of arbitrator for dupes of detestation and demoralise of Power in 1985. This provides a widely distri furthered benchmark by which progress cig atomic number 18tte be assessed in get together the needs of dupes of offensive activity and abuse of power. Much progress has been made since 1985 in the main by g e rattlingwherenments in Western Europe, North America and elsewhere. They maintain utilise programmes and laws to go by case to those basic principles but even in soaked countries much hold out remains. Additional resources argon needed everywhere peculiarly for countries that argon developing and in transition.The convention on transnational organize villainy includes a specific section to protect the rights of dupes as does the optional protocol on trafficking. By June, 2005, 99 nations had already ratify the statute(predicate) of Rome that establishes a permanent outside(a) felonious Court which gives effect to the principles in the Declaration. The rights of the victims of crime and abuse of power be still not adequately recognized in any part of the world. Their families, witnesses and others, who aid them, ar still unjustly subjected to loss, terms or injury. They too often suffer hardship when assisting in the prosecution of wrongdoers.The recent UN Congress in capital of Thailand also drew attention to the victims of terrorism. dupes of stark misfortunes such as immanent disasters, accidents and diseases shargon similar suffering, loss and suffering. Services to meet the needs of victims maintain much in common in the midst of victims of crime, abuse of power and stark misfortunes. Action must be interpreted to advance question, service and awargonness for victims across the world. This requires persons committed to these ideals, transgress services, much research, innovative education and education and continued advocacy and rights. It requires a motion of assessing progress and acting to exculpate the necessary im exhibitments.II. DISCUSSIONI. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF VICTIMOLOGYA. The Early RootsThe script victim has its roots in many ancient langu mount ups that c overed a owing(p) distance from northwestern Europe to the southern tip of Asia and yet had a similar linguistic pattern victima in Latin vh, woh, wg in Old European wh, whi in Old High German v in Old Norse weihs in Gothic and, vinak ti in Sanskrit (Websters 1971). victimology as an academic term contains ii elements One is the Latin word dupea which translates into victim. The other is the Greek word logos which means a system of k without delayledge, the direction of somewhatthing abstract, the direction of t separatelying, science, and a discipline. Although writings around the victim appe atomic number 18d in many early works by such criminologists as Beccaria (1764), Lombroso (1876), Ferri (1892), Garfalo (1885), Sutherland (1924), Hentig (1948), Nagel (1949), Ellenberger (1955), Wolfgang (1958) and Schafer (1968), the concept of a science to study victims and the word victimology had its argument with the early writings of Beniamin Mendelsohn (1937 1940), these draw outing to his seminal work where he truly proposed the term victimology in his obligate A New Branch of Bio-Psycho-Social Science, Victimology (1956).It was in this article that he suggested the establishment of an world(prenominal) society of victimology which has come to realisation with the inst everyation of the gentleman Society of Victimology, the establishment of a reckon of victimological institute s (including the creation in Japan of the Tokiwa International Victimology Institute) and, the establishment of international journals which atomic number 18 now also a part of this institute. Mendelsohn provided us with his victimology vision and blueprint and, as his disciples we dedicate followed his guidance. We now refer to Mendelsohn as The Father of Victimology.B. Critical Dates in Victimology 1924 Edwin Sutherland includes a chapter on victims in his criminology textbook. 1937 Beniamin Mendelsohn publishes his writings on the rapist and his victim. 1941 Hans von Hentig publishes article on victim and wretched interactions. 1947 Beniamin Mendelsohn coins the term victimology in a cut journal. 1948 Hans von Hentig publishes his book The Criminal and His Victim. 1949 Frederic Wertham first apply the word victimology in a book Show of wildness. 1957 Margery Fry proposes victim compensation in the capital of the United Kingdom Times. 1958 Marvin Wolfgang studies ho micide victims uses the term victim precipitation. 1963 New Zealand enacts the first Criminal hire Act. 1965 calcium is the first state in the USA to start Victim salary. 1966 Japan enacts Criminal Indemnity Law. 1966 USA starts to survey crime victims not reported to the police 1967 Canada clears a Criminal Compensation Injuries Act as does Cuba and Switzerland. 1968 Stephan Schafer writes the first victimology textbook The Victim and His Criminal. 1972 The first three victim tending programmes be created in St. Louis, Missouri, San Francisco, California and in Washington, D. C. 1973 the first international symposium on victimology is held in Jerusalem, Israel. 1974 the first police-based victim advocate project started in lace Lauderdale, Florida, USA. 1975 The first Victim Rights Week is organized by the Philadelphia rule Attorney, * fellow traveler Professor, Criminology Department, California State University, Fresno Director, Tokiwa International Victimology I nstitute, Tokiwa University Victimology Graduate School, Japan. Pennsylvania, USA. 1976 John Dussich launches the theme agreement of Victim Assistance (NOVA) in Fresno, California, USA. 1976 Emilio Viano launches the first scholarly journal given to victimology. 1976 James Rowland creates the first Victim impaction Statement in Fresno, California, USA. 1979 The World Society of Victimology is founded in Munster, Germany. 1980 Mothers Against Drunk Drivers (MADD) is founded by Candi Lightner aft(prenominal) angiotensin converting enzyme of her cope with daughters was killed by a drunk driver who was a repeat wrongdoer. 1981 professorship Ronald Reagan proclaims the first national Victims Rights Week in April. 1982 the first Victim Impact Panel stiff by MADD to educate drunk drivers active(predicate) how their victims suffered, started in Rutland, Massachusetts, USA. 1984 The Victims of execration Act (VOCA) establishes the national Crime Victims Fund from federal crime fines to pay for state victim compensation and services. 1985 The United Nations unanimously adopts the Declaration of Basic Principles of umpire for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power. 1987 The US Department of referee opens the National Victims Resource Centre in Rockville, Maryland. 1988 The first Indian Nations referee for Victims of Crime conference is held by the Office for Victims of Crime in fast City, South Dakota, USA. 1990 The European Forum for Victim Services was founded by every(prenominal) the national cheeks in Europe works for victims of crime in advisory status with the Council of Europe and the UN. 1999 The United Nations and the US Office for Victims of Crime publish the Guide for Policymakers on the Implementation of the United Nations Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power and the Handbook on Justice for Victims On the Use and Application of the United Nations Declaration of Basic Principles of Just ice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power. 2002 On 11 April, 66 the Rome Statute was ratified & aggroup A went into force on 1 July at which time the International Criminal Court became effective and it included the creation of a Victim and Witness Unit. 2003 On October 2nd the Tokiwa International Victimology Institute, in Mito Japan receptive its doors to promote victim rights, to conduct seminars, courses, publish an international journal, and host adept-year symposia and lectures and research close to victimology. 2004 The World Society of Victimology at its annual executive director Committee meeting in Orlando, Florida adopts a dramatic new strategic plan to commit itself to the ideals and promises of the UN Declaration. 2005 Japan orders the UN Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power into their national legislation by adopting a new organic law for crime victims. To ensure that the principles would be initiated, the Prime Minister estab lished a cabinet take aim committee. The new law includes services for victims, restitution from the offender, in attaination closely nefarious legal expert and a right to offici completelyy participate in the savage nicety affect.C. Victim AssistanceSince the middle 1970s victim care programmes in America had to cope with the actualisation that this new field did not hold in a professional army corps of people with special genteelness in dealing with crime victims. Those who were on the job(p) in the programmes were a mixture of medical doctors, ministers, psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, nurses, on-the-job adept counsellors, persons outside the boostering professions and volunteers with all takes of training. There were no international or national professional standards. There was no security measure or spirit level to prepare someone to do the work of serviceing victims recover. However, before formal victim assistance programmes evolved, at that place were some people happy to work with victim problems, peculiarly people who had been helping boor abuse and family frenzy victims. These were social workers. right aside, the victim services scene has changed. There are a wide array of professionals and non-professionals working with victims. These would include social workers, psychologists, psychiatrists, nurses, medical doctors, non-specific professionals (who received their formal degrees in other fields but were teach to help victims in the numerous training schools which are both part and sovereign of academic settings) and, volunteers (who also received their training in the numerous training schools which are both part and independent of academic settings, many of which are 40 hour training modules offered by the victim service agencies where they work).Today the field of victim assistance is the major career field in victimology for persons wanting to help victims of crime directly. The single largest and oldest university offer a bachs degree in victimology and a victim services certificate is the California State University, Fresno. Worldwide, it sewer be estimated that there are around 20,000 victim service programmes now operating reducing suffering and facilitating recuperation.II. chance upon CONCEPTS IN VICTIMOLOGYA. Concepts1. Victim has it roots in the early religious notions of suffering, devote and death. This concept of victim was well kn witness in the ancient civilizations, especially in Babylonia, Palestine, Greece, and Rome. In several(prenominal)ly of these civilizations the law mandated that the victim should be recognized as a person who deserved to be made exclusively again by the offender. 2. Crime victim is a person who has been physically, financially or hornyly injured and/or had their post taken or damaged by someone committing a crime. 3. Victimogenesis refers to the origin or stick of a development the constellation of variables which cause a exploitation to fall out. 4. Victim audacity a exploitation where the victim causes, in part or totally, their own development. 5. Vulnerability is a physical, psychological, social, material or financial condition whereby a person or an object has a weakness which could render them a victim if another person or persons would recognize these weaknesses and take benefit of them. 6. General Victim is a person who has been physically, financially or emotionally injured and/or had their property taken or damaged by someone, an event, an organization or a natural phenomenon.7. using refers to an event where persons, communities and institutions are damaged or injured in a signifi privyt way. Those persons who are impacted by persons or events suffer a violation of rights or significant disruption of their well cosmos. 8. Victimology is an academic scientific discipline which studies information that describes phenomena and causal relationships connect to victimizations. This in cludes events leading to the victimization, the victims experience, its aftermath and the actions taken by society in response to these victimizations. Therefore, victimology includes the study of the precursors, vulnerabilities, events, impacts, recoveries, and responses by people, organizations and cultures related to to victimizations.9. Abuse of Power is the violation of a national or international standard in the use of organized powerful forces such that persons are injured physically, amiablely, emotionally, economically, or in their rights, as a direct and wise(p) result of the misapplication of these forces. 10. Victim Assistance, Support or Services are those activities which are applied in response to victimizations with the intention of relieving suffering and facilitating recovery. This includes offering information, assessments, individual interventions, case advocacy, system advocacy, public policy and programme development.11. Victim Recovery is the resumption of the same or better level of functionality as was enjoyed anterior to victimization. Persons who assume been victimized vary in their level of amiable health and wellbeing prior to their victimization. Consequently, victimization affects each person in a different way and causes differing degrees of injury or trauma. In their recovery it is necessary for victims to first try to regain their previous level of functioning plus learn from their misfortune and hopefully exceed their previous level of functionality. To be recovered suggests that a person has at least regained their prior level of well-being and at best, has exceeded it. This state may be careful by identifying their previous mental condition and determining if they have at least regained that prior status employ the criteria of trust in others, shore leave of self, individual initiative, competency in daily activities, self-identity, interpersonal intimacy, control over personal situations, successful relationship s, safety in daily activities, ac populateledgment of memory, trauma symptoms have make for forth manageable, self esteem is restored, resourcefulness is achieved, and there is an ameliorate ability to ward off potential threats.12. Child Abuse is the well-read application of sexual, physical, emotional or psychological injury to a kidskin to include neglect at the hands of her or his parents or care-provider deep down the confines of their family or place of care. 13. Victim Offender Mediation (VOM) is a formal process for face-to-face meetings in the presence of a trained mediator between a victim of a crime and his/her offender who committed that crime. This is also called victim-offender dialogue, victim-offender conferencing, victim-offender reconciliation, or restorative justness. Often the victim and the offender are joined by their respective families and partnership members or other persons related to the crime event. In these meetings, the offender and the victim t alk to each other about the victimization, the effects it had on their lives, and their feelings about it. The aim is to create a mutually agreeable plan to repair any damage or injury that occurred as a result of the crime in the hopes of permanently eliminating the appointment that ca utilise the crime in the first place.14. Restorative Justice is a systematic formal legal response to crime victimization that emphasizes healing the injuries that resulted from the crime and affected the victims, offenders and communities. This process is a departure from the traditionalistic retributive form of dealing with criminals and victims which traditionally have generally perpetuated the conflict which resulted in the original crime. 15. Victim Trauma includes emotional and physical experiences that germinate pain and injuries. Emotional injury is a normal response to an luxuriouslyly abnormal event. It results from the pairing of a painful or frightening emotional experience with a spe cific memory which emerge and have a long lasting effect on the life of a person. The more direct the exposure to the traumatic event, the higher the attempt for emotional harm and prolonged effects. 16. Crisis Intervention is the provision of emergency psychological care to traumatized victims so as to help them return to an adaptive level of functioning and to bar or mitigate the negative impact of psychological and emotional trauma.17. Compensation is a formal administrative procedure provided by law which provides all money to victims for out of pocket real expenses directly resulting from the victimization to be paid by the state after the victim is found to convert according to specific criteria determined by the respective state or federal law. 18. Restitution is a formal judicial procedure used by a judge after guilt is determined as part of a sentence which can provide money and/or services to the victim for damages or suffering which resulted from the victimization t o be paid or performed by the offender.19. Victim Survey is a half-hourly selective information collection and analysis process conducted vulgarly by a government entity within the general population to study information about crime victims regardless(prenominal) whether they reported their victimization to the police or not. It typically uses a face-to-face or telephone interview (or sent questionnaire) and covers demographics, attitudes about crime and details about the victimizations experience over the previous sixer months. 20. Victim Rights are privileges and procedures required by written law which fix victims specific considerations and treatment by the criminal judge system, the government and the community at large.B. Abuse of Power1. BackgroundIn spite of the legal sanctions which exist throughout the world to prevent the abuse of power (AOP), it continues to occur with growing frequency and relative impunity. There are essentially louver considerations to abuse of power the type of abuser the specific abuser the manner used the victims and the extent of injury and damage. In each of these five considerations there are numerous casefuls ranging from the Government of South Africas use of apartheid on Black South Africans causing extensive death and suffering, to the criminal organization known as the MAFIA which uses racketeering, coercion, intimidation, graft and corruption on sincere citizens causing extensive death, suffering and property loss.The approximately recent ex international amperele of AOP is the government of Yugoslavia (now dominated by ethnic Serbs) using extreme forms of aggression, against Croats, Bosnia Muslims, and most recently ethnic Kosovans with mass killings mass rapes extensive destruction of property buildings, and sacred cultural symbols, for the most part ignoring the protocols found in the geneva Conventions for the conduct of warfare. This macro criminological/victimological phenomenon has been extensively reported on by the media and by scholars, but predominantly in narrative form. Thus far, very few attempts have been made to isolate the key variables, explain the dynamics of these events and measure their occurrences.2. Theoretical ProblemLike all phenomena, these abuse of power events lend themselves to definitions, abstractive organization and measurement. The magnitude of these occurrences dramatically turn our heads away from the dispassionate evaluation of the facts. The drama of these events is so compelling, even trained theorists put aside their research tools and yield to the subjective descriptions which overwhelm those chronicling these massive abuses. In spite of the strong emotions, the magnitude of the problem calls for careful measurement, analysis and implication so that a degree of come acrossing can emerge. This proposal lead consider using the social behavioural and conflict theories familiar to most criminologist who study macro criminological phenomena.III . MEASURING VICTIMIZATIONA. The Importance and Limitations of descriptive seekDescriptive research is primarily concerned with generally characterizing a phenomenon to determine basic information about amount, frequencies and categories of a particular theme. Thus, one of the basic types of data in descriptive research is nominal level data or the counting of apples and oranges. The most important type of victimological descriptive research are victimization surveys. These surveys have thus far become the backbone of victimology information.Not only do these surveys give us the number and types of victims, they also give us trend information so that we can compare victims from one jurisdiction to another, from one type of victim to another, and we can measure the rate of victimization for a given population in a given time period. some other important measurement using survey research is the measurement of behaviours that exist as continua. These types of research give us informa tion about the feelings, opinions and responses the victims have. Thus, they are very important in understanding the impact of victimization and the progress of recovery.1. The Necessity of Evaluative ResearchAnother important type of research is the evaluative research used to measure the official government or organizational responses to victimization and the programmes used to help victims cope. These types of research are aimed at measuring the systemic aspects of the victim experience. This is usually focused on the Twin Criteria of Success effectiveness, which evaluates the achievement of programme objectives and, efficiency which evaluates the consumption of resources over the time needed to achieve objectives.Another aspect of evaluative research is answerableness, both economic and political. Economic accountability focuses on whether the existence of a particular programme in a given community is justified given the funds available and the value orientation currently in existence. Political accountability focuses on whether the existence of a victim programme and its costs are lasted by those in power. A large part of accountability has to do with community values, event expectations and official responsibilities. The measurement of these variables helps to socially contextualize a victim programme or response within the larger society or culture.2. Explaining the Victimization with causative ResearchPerhaps the most challenging and difficult form of victimological research is causal research. This research attempts to explain why and how some variables are naturalized by other variables in those phenomena dealing with victims. For example, it might try to understand why some victims are severely traumatized by an event, while other victims are not poorly impacted by the same event. The usual method of this form of research is to first create hypotheses about the relationships between cause variables and effect variables. Then, to measure the se variables and see if the data can stay the hypotheses.Ultimately, this process can lead to understanding not just one casual link, but many connected causal links, or a causal chain. A victimologist can then develop a theoretical statement with the new facts uncovered using causal research. These theoretical statements help to understand complex social and psychological victim phenomenon. Consequently persons working to prevent victimization could have empirically derived facts so as to slim down the vulnerability of potential victims. Crisis interveners could effectively reduce the suffering of victims immediately after the victimization and prevent the escalation of trauma. Advocates and therapists, basing their response on protocol analysis, could better know what works to facilitate victim recovery and reduce or fade long-term suffering and promote the return to stable and functional lives for those victimized.IV. THE coming(prenominal) OF VICTIMOLOGYA. Promising Practic esAs new programmes and new laws evolve some prove effective and others not. In the search for programmes and laws that fulfil the fundamental aims of the United National Declaration, to be treated with compassion and respect for their dignity, to be provided with access to the mechanisms of justice and to prompt redress to be informed of their rights, to be informed of their aim and the scope, timing and progress of the proceedings and of the disposition of their case, to be provided with proper assistance throughout the legal process, to have their privacy protected and insure their safety, to be considered for receipt of restitution, to be informed about receiving compensation.These criteria determine the value of programmes and laws so that they can be evaluated and ultimately recommended as worthy of duplication. In each of the sub-categories of victim programmes, laws, practices and rights, specific examples have become known. nearly of these are listed downstairs (from the New Directions from the Field Victims Rights and Services for the 21st Century, U.S. Department of Justice, 1998).1. Law Enforcement In San Diego, California there is a partnership between the police and the YWCA which resulted in a Community Domestic Violence Resource Network. This has resulted in a major resource for all the police agencies in the community for surgical information about the availability of shelters at any given time. In Provo, Utah victims participate in crime solving, called victim-assisted investigations. In Orange County, California a group of five victim advocates working together in a non-profit programme work with police and prosecutors to ensure comprehensive services for victims of gang madness.2. Prosecution In Kenosha, Wisconsin, a programme established by the district attorney established special prosecution units for domestic vehemence and sensitive crimes. In Pinellas County, Florida, the states attorneys duty established a special prosecutor to be responsible for all elder exploitation and neglect cases. This includes police training, community outreach and education for other prosecutors. In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the Victim Services Unit located in the District Attorneys Office, employs Vietnamese and Cambodian victim-witness coordinators to assist victims from Southeast Asia throughout their case process, including translating information and helping victims with emergency medical and financial assistance.3. work bench In Tucson, Arizona, the Municipal Court established a partnership with the police, victim advocates, prosecutors and health care professionals to form a Community Domestic Violence Awareness Centre. In New York State, the Permanent Judicial Commission on Justice for Children was established to provide assistance to children in the courts so as to provide a special space for child care so that those children whose parents are in court have a safe oasis during their stay. In Santa Clara County , California, the courts have established local family violence councils to provide a comprehensive response to domestic violence.4. Corrections In Texas, the Department of Criminal Justice started a victim-offender mediation/dialogue programme for victims of severe violence and their incarcerated offenders. In California one of the best known victim-offender programmes is the Impact of Crime on Victims (IOC) initiated by the California Youth Authority. This programme is aimed at providing 40 hours of education to inform offenders about how crimes affect victims and society. The US Federal self-assurance of Prisons piloted victim awareness phasees on drug and domestic violence crimes for offenders in halfway houses in Baltimore, Maryland, and Tampa, Florida. B. Reality of Promising PracticesAlthough a wide soma of new programmes have been tried and dubbed as promising most of these have not been subjected to any form of empirical evaluation. Before these programme can be accept ed as worthy of duplication, they must be carefully scrutinized over a sufficient time period.V. demographic CharacteristicsThe find of turn a crime victim varies as a function of demographic variables such as Gender Age Race Socioeconomic classGenderWith the exception of sexual delight and domestic violence, men have higher risk of assault than women (Gelles & Straus, 1988 Hanson et al., 1993 Norris, 1992). Lifetime risk of homicide is three to four times higher for men than women (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1992).AgeAdolescents have substantially higher place of assault than junior adults or old(a) Americans (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1992 Hanson et al., 1993 Kilpatrick, Edmunds & Seymour, 1992 Kilpatrick et al., in press Reiss & Roth, 1993 Whitaker & Bastian, 1991). info from the National Crime Victimization Survey indicate that 12-to-19 year olds are two to three times as likely as those over 20 to become victims of personal crime each year (Whitaker & Bastian, 1991). Data from The National Womens Study indicate that 62% of all forcible rape cases occurred when the victim was under 18 years of age (Kilpatrick et al., 1992).RaceRacial and ethnic minorities have higher rates of assault than other Americans (FBI Uniform Crime Report, 1992 Hanson et al., 1993 Kilpatrick et al., 1991 Reiss & Roth, 1993). In 1990, African-Americans were six times more likely than white Americans to be homicide victims (FBI Uniform Crime Report, 1992). range of raging assault are approximately twice as high for African- and Hispanic-Americans compared to gabardine Americans (Reiss & Roth, 1993). Kilpatrick et al. (1991) found that African-Americans (28%) and Hispanic-Americans (30%) were significantly more likely than White Americans (19%) to have ever been cherry-red victims of crime.Socioeconomic ClassViolence disproportionately affects those from tear down socioeconomic classes (U. S. Bureau of the Census, 1991). Family income is relat ed to rates of violence and victimization, with lower income families at a higher risk than those from higher income brackets (Reiss & Roth, 1993). For example, in 1988, the risk of victimization was 2.5 times greater for families with the worst incomes (under $7,500) compared to those with the highest ($50,000 and over) (Reiss & Roth, 1993). utilise longitudinal data from The National Womens Study, Kilpatrick et al., (in press) found that women with household incomes less than $10,000 had odds 1.8 times greater than those with incomes of $10,000 or more of becoming a rape or aggravated assault victim in the two year follow-up period. Poverty increased the risk of assault even after controlling for the effects of prior victimization and sensation seeking. However, some other studies report that family income is a less important predictor of victimization than gender, age, or ethnicity (Reiss & Roth, 1993).Interpreting Demographic Characteristic DataSome of the distant fi ndings about demographic characteristics as risk constituents for violent crime are attributable to methodological variations across studies. Another reason for conflicting findings is that many demographic variables are confounded. That is, they are so interrelated as to cause some difficulty in separating out their relative contributions. Demographic variables of age, gender, and racial status all tend to be confounded with income young people tend to be poorer than older people women tend to have less income than men and African-Americans tend to have less income than white Americans. reduplicate Victimization and the Cycle of ViolenceUntil recently, there was little appreciation of the extent to which many people are victims of crime not just once, but several times during their lifetime. There was sufficient understanding of how repeated victimization increases the risk for and complexity of crime-related psychological trauma. Nor did we understand the extent to which victimiz ation increases the risk of further victimization and/or of violent behavior by the victim. some(prenominal) studies show that a substantial proportion of crime victims has been victimized more than once and that a history of victimization increases the risk of subsequent violent assault (e.g. Kilpatrick et al., in press Koss & Dinero, 1989 Resnick, Kilpatrick, Dansky, Saunders & Best, 1993 Kilpatrick et al., 1992 Reiss & Roth, 1993 Wyatt, Guthrie & Notgrass, 1992 Zawitz, 1983).Other research suggests that the risk of developing PTSD and substance use/abuse problems is higher among repeat victims of violent assault than among those who have experienced only one violent assault (e.g., Kilpatrick et al., in press Breslau et al., in press Kilpatrick, Resnick, Saunders, Best & Epstein, 1994). Still other evidence suggests that spring chicken victimization history increases risk of involvement with dilapidated peers and of subsequent delinquent behavior (Ageton, 1983 De mbo et al., 1992 Straus, 1984 Widom, 1989, 1992). Some research shows that involvement with delinquent or pervert peers increases the risk of victimization (e.g., Ageton, 1983), and that substance use also increases risk of victimization (e.g., Kilpatrick et al., 1994 Cottler, Compton, Mager, Spitznagel, and Janca, 1992).Another line of research has found that a history of child abuse and neglect increases risk of delinquent behavior during childhood and adolescence and of being arrested for violent assault as an adult (e.g., Widom, 1989, 1994). This new knowledge about repeat victimization and the cycle of violence has several implications for appropriate mental health counselling for crime victims Mental health professionals should include crime prevention and substance abuse prevention in their work with victims to descend the risk that new victimization or substance abuse problems go away occur (e.g., Kilpatrick et al., in press Kilpatrick et al., 1994). Mental health prof essionals should not hire that the crime they are treating is the only one the victim has experienced. This requires taking a careful crime victimization history. Providing effective mental health counseling to victims may well be an effective way to reduce the risk of future victimization, substance use/abuse, delinquency and violent behavior.Residential pickleWhere an individual lives influences ones risk of becoming a violent crime victim. Reiss and Roth (1993) report that violent crime rates increased as a function of community size. For example, the violent crime rate was 359 per 100,000 residents in cities of less than 10,000 but 2,243 per 100,000 in cities with populations over a million translates to rates seven times greater. (Reiss & Roth, 1993 p. 79).Data including non-reported crimes from the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) also indicate that violent crime rates are highest in central cities, somewhat lower in suburban areas, and lowest in rural areas (B ureau of Justice Statistics, 1992). The UCR and the NCVS are better at measuring street crime than at measuring violent crimes perpetrated by acquaintances or partners. Thus, the assumption that the increased risk of violent assault associated with residential repair most likely results from singular attacks, not necessarily from attacks by family members or other intimates, is a function of the limits of the measurement device.Exposure to Potential AssailantsNo violent assault can occur unless an assailant has access to a potential victim. Someone could have every previously discussed risk factor for violent assault and be completely safe from assault unless approached by an assailant. A prominent theory attempting to predict risk of criminal victimization is the routine activities theory. As described by Laub (1990), the risk of victimization is related to a persons lifestyle, behavior, and routine activities. In turn, lifestyles and routine activities are generally related to d emographic characteristics (e.g., age and marital status) and other personal characteristics. If a persons lifestyle or routine activities places him or her in frequent wrap up with potential assailants, then they are more likely to be assaulted than if their routine activities and lifestyle do not bring them into as frequent contact with predatory individuals. For example, young men have higher rates of assaultive behavior than any other age-gender group (Reiss & Roth, 1993 Rosenberg & Mercy, 1991).Thus, those whose routine activities or lifestyles involve considerable contact with young men should have higher rates of victimization. Likewise, people who are married, who never leave their houses after dark, and who never take public rapture should have limited contact with young men, and therefore have decrease risk of assault. Although some have argued that routine activities theory has substantial support in the empirical literature (Laub, 1990 Gottfredson, 1981), most o f the crime victimization data that are used to evaluate assault risk measure stranger assaults much better than partner or acquaintance assaults. Thus, the theory is plausibly much more relevant to stranger assaults than to other assaults.VI. Conclusion and passCrime-related psychological trauma impairs the ability and/or willingness of many crime victims to sustain with the criminal justice system. Many argued that victims must be treated better by the criminal justice system because it cannot accomplish its mission without the cooperation of victims. At every key stage of the criminal justice system processfrom contemplating making a report to police, to attending a parole earreachinteractions can be nerve-racking for victims and often exacerbates crime-related psychological trauma. Victims whose crime-related fear makes them loath to report crimes to police or who are too terrified to testify, effectively make it impossible for the criminal justice system to accomplish its mission. Thus, it is important to understand Victims crime-related mental health problems. What aspects of the criminal justice system process are stressful to victims. What can be done to help victims with their crime-related mental health problems. What can be done to help victims cope with criminal justice system-related stress. Effective partnerships among the criminal justice system, victim assistance personnel, and trained mental health professionals can help victims with crime-related psychological trauma and with criminal justice system-related stress.By helping victims through such partnerships, the criminal justice system also helps itself become more effective in keep and reducing crime. Several factors in the application of different conditioning principles to victims interactions with the criminal justice system helps us understand why the criminal justice system is so stressful for many victims. First, involvement with the criminal justice system requires crime vic tims to encounter many cognitive and environmental stimuli that propel them of the crime. These range from Having to look at the defendant in the courtroom. Having to think about details of the crime when preparing to testify. Confronting a member of second-order conditioned stimuli in the form of police, victim/witness advocates, and prosecutors. Second, encountering all these crime-related conditioned stimuli often results in evasion behavior on the part of the victims. Such avoidance behavior is generated by conditioned fear and anxiety, not by apathy. Avoidance can lead victims to cancel or not show up for appointments with criminal justice system officers, or victim advocates. Aside from conditioning, there are several other reasons that interacting with the criminal justice system can be stressful for victims. One reason interactions are stressful is because victims lack information about that system and its procedures, and victims fear the unknown. A second reason inter actions are stressful is that victims are concerned about whether they will be believed and taken naughtily by the criminal justice system. Most victims view the criminal justice system as representative of society as a whole, and whether they are believed and taken seriously by the system indicates to them whether they are believed and taken seriously by society.VI. Bibliography1. (Bachman, 1994 Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1992 FBI Uniform Crime Reports, 1992 Hanson, Freedy, Kilpatrick, and Saunders, 1993 Kilpatrick, Seymour & Boyle, 1991 Breslau, Davis, Andreski, and Peterson, 1991 Kilpatrick , Resnick, Saunders, and Best, in press Norris, 1992 Adler et al., 1994 Reiss & Roth, 1993 Rosenberg & Mercy, 1991).2. Dussich, John and Kiyoko Kishimoto. 2000. Victim Assistance in Japan History, Culture and Programmes. In Paul C. Friday and Gerd Ferdinand Kirchhoff (editors) Victimology at the Transition From the twentieth to the 21st Century Essays in Honor of Hans Joachim Schn eider. M nchengladbach, Germany Shaker Verlag. 3. Schafer, Stephen. 1968. The Victim and His Criminal. New York Random House. 4. www.wikipedia.com5. www.google.com.ph Victimology

Strategic Management and Ikea

1) How has IKEA succeeded in expanding across the world using a standard enjoin of products and a standard strategy in the home furniture and furnishings industry, in which divergent cultural influences are likely to be at their healthfulest? premier(prenominal) of all, seems reductive say that IKEA provides a standard range of products having weigh to the unbelievable width of this range (which al abjects, therefore, to raise many an otherwise(prenominal) variables of many types of heterogeneous products in this look is almost completely bypassed the limit traditionally connected with the offer diverse depending on the country of destination).In fact, the product range is so capacious (The IKEA products on offer Exceed 12. 000 items in number) to al miserable a lack of diversification for export musical scoreet every type of consumer that is role of the scrape audience stack find products of his choice, ignoring the others (which get out be coveted by other consumer s pore on other features). In this way this strategy exceeds its traditional limit.As it is written in the text under friendliness IKEA has get throughd the impossible, to create a range of products attractive to consumers everywhere, in countries with very dissimilar cultures, and to apply a formula for presentation and sale of those products which reinforces the attractiveness . With regard to the standard strategy used by IKEA in my view its mastery relies on a few points well described in the article. First, the target is well defined (and wide, and in all countries without exception). It may sound bromidic that the self-proclaimed focus of IKEA is young people of all ages. In cosmos the market is primarily young people, who are well educated, liberal in cultural values, white collar, but with limited means because of their stage of life story and family cycle, and in the process of setting up or expanding their homes because they are having children. The bit successful point of the unitary strategy of the troupe is the interest to achieve and maintain a price advantage (in light of the take of the target, of course). This greet and price leadership is achieved by a combination of strategies large-quantity purchasing, the push to gain vigor ever-cheaper suppliers in ever-cheaper markets (sourcing in developing economies has risen from 32% to 48%), affordable logistics, store location in relatively cheap suburban areas, and a do-it-yourself approach to marketing and distribution. Low costs are translated into low prices as IKEA pursues a deliberate price leadership strategy.In growth to this, the Distribution and Promotion system is modern and inexpensive and easily replicable and acceptable to consumers around the world. So, everything in IKEA works to create a great opportunity, overcoming (as already said at the beginning of my answer) the limits of the not-diversified offer per country and culture in this particular industry sector, cha racterized by strong cultural differences. 2) Is there a limit to this enlargement? Does IKEAs history illustrate the nature of such(prenominal) a limit?I theorize the main limit to the expansion of the bank line of IKEA is cultural and, therefore, be able to contain work costs, slice continuing to adapt its products to markets other than those served today. The example of the American market is instrumental in this regard. On that occasion, IKEA had to wait a long time in the lead being accepted in the United States, producing profits. That was a very dangerous investment, yet the American market in that commodity sector has its ingest characteristics, presumably, very well known and different from European hotshots.The entry into the U. S. market, to be profitable, had to wait an important adaptation activities never done before. I appreciate in this case when it comes to expansion it is done in a geographical sense (and not profits), so an entry into other markets to IKEA today seems to be instead complicated (making reference only to markets and economies very different from those set about up to date) for the reason just talked.America is a huge market, strategic and inviting for which is undoubtedly good to do what IKEA decided to do (invest with the initial losses, if necessary adapting their products), but I doubt that this can be repeated for other markets slight strategically important than the American. From the point of view of the enlargement of the volume of business and profit, I buzz off no knowledge to be able to express with certainty, however IKEA in the text is placed at the highest levels of Globality and Added Value, therefore I do not think there are great possibilities of strong growth even in this sense.The most important thing is to nourish their volumes trying to increase it as much as possible. 3) How has IKEA managed to creatively mix the benefits of bay window consumption and mass production with the desire fo r style and modernism of product? IKEA is able to take full advantage of the cost benefits of mass production ( mensurablely selecting its employees and suppliers are able to meet stringent quality standards at very competitive set from IKEA) and mass consumption because the citizens of all the world, belong to the target specified by the caller-up and reported above, and have an inclination of ?? odernity and style quite comparable, therefore the need to adapt its products to different markets is quite limited in this field (happened only for America). However, the need for fashion and contemporaneity today is constantly evolving. A company structured differently from IKEA would have difficulty to be continuously ready to offer something desirable. Instead, IKEA, through a work of upgrading its products (however, wherever standard) can not only meet the needs of customers, but also to anticipate them IKEA makes low-cost trend. This is amazing.At this point it is clear and perce ivable as reported in the article IKEA has combined the cost-reducing benefits of mass production and consumption with attention to the style required to persuade consumers to buy items which will be on display and in the eye of the purchaser for many years, unlike the humble hamburger or cup of coffee which are consumed quickly and as quickly forgotten. In short, like Harley-Davidson, it has created a world(prenominal) brand. It has managed to innovate and respond to Continuously spays in the world, continuing to convey a sense of excitement and modernity. Most important is the contribution of the catalogue of the Swedish firm, which has become something of a design icon imitated by competitors from around the world. 4) Has IKEA elect a strategy of cost/price leadership or one of product differentiation? We could say that IKEA has merged the two strategies in a single large successful director. At offshoot glance, without a careful study of the phenomenon IKEA, it would seem eas y to classify the choices made by the company as cost and price leadership helped by a not differentiated offer.But in answer to the starting question, I have already explained how, for me, one can not speak of a lack of differentiation. It is short not possible to speak of a strategy or the other in the case under study. IKEA has been able to be innovative in all aspects product and design, mass production delocalized and strongly supported, distribution channel, advancement type, location of stores and their structure. Thus, it has managed to combine the two strategies in a single strategy that brings together and makes something completely new.In other answers I have given a part of my interpretation of what is required in this question, but I think the best summary is that given by the authors of the article IKEAs strategy has been described as a focused cost leadership strategy, focused because it is targeted at a particular market niche, those who want style at low cost. Ho wever, this oversimplifies the approach adopted and underplays the complexity of the product, with its packaging of different services. If it were rightful(a) that the strategy was no to a greater extent than a form of focused cost leadership, it would be difficult to understand why IKEA has been so successful.Rather it is the combination of low price and high quality which attracts the consumer, which is not an unusual situation. The attributes of the product offered by IKEA differ markedly from those of other retailers. Instant accessibility, customer participation in value-adding, the combination of low cost and high quality all mark the product out as unique and therefore as carrying a competitive advantage, one which is continuously renewed as products are amend and renovated. IKEA is always ready to innovate. ) How far do you think that IKEA can look into the future in framing its strategic management? I believe that this model of strategic management is winning. It is and it will be collect to the fact that creates something new from what is already well known to everyone. What is even more important and that bodes well for the future of IKEA is that it has always been the first mover. Being first means being able to reap the benefits from it. Be consistently first mover means being able to store the successes and failures of the past, learning from heir mistakes and their victories better and more quickly than your competitors are able to do by copying you. Achieve great results and be always ready for change (in fact, promote it ) is a symptom of a far-sighted and enlightened strategic vision. view this structure means continue in a context that is the company itself to manage and, presumably, to command. The key word today is not to sit on themselves. I think that IKEA is not ever sat on.

Jeronimo Martins Group’s Consolidated Balance Sheet Essay

Jeronimo Martins stems Consolidated Balance Sheet as of 31 December 2011 and 31 December 2010, has been analyzed respectively the correspondents regard ass, structure and relevant changes for assets and Liabilities & Shargonholders Equity with following conclusions I.The main assets of Jeronimo Martins Group are non watercourse (about 75%) concentrated mostly in patent assets (about 50%) followed for the intangible assets (about 18%) II.The period assets are mostly inventories and funds or cash equivalent III.The main liabilities of Jeronimo Martins Group are flow (about 55%) concentrated mostly in trade creditors, accrued be and deferred income IV.The noncurrent liabilities are mostly BorrowingsV.Total Shareholders Equity represent around 30% of Total Shareholders Equity and Liabilities VI.The biggest changes in assets, 2010 to 2011, are referred to derivative financial Instruments (-78%) and coin and Cash equivalents (74%) VII.Changes, 2010 to 2011, in current assets are 27,1% and noncurrent are 2,4% VIII.The biggest changes in liabilities and total equity are referred to retained earnings (250%) and fair value and other reserves (-101%), provisions for risk and contingences (106%) IX.Changes, in 2010 to 2011, in current liabilities are 11% and noncurrent are -27% and total equity are 32,63%The structure, values and changes listed above means that Jeronimo Martins Group had, in 2010 and 2011, mostly of its assets as noncurrent, which arent expect to be converted into cash or consumed indoors 12 month. The current dimension is below 1, so this company doesnt have a big liquidity. Analyzed the 10 biggest companies in the nourishment area, the current ratio is below those values observed such as in Dole food company (current ratio is 1,5). The current ratio is an entity ability to meet its current obligations or to maturing short term obligations, is an classical dance step of its financial health.This company present 0,406 (2010) and 0,464 (201 1) current ratios, more current liabilities than current assets. The total debt to equity ratio represents the long term viability of the company, measure the degree of the indebtedness relative to its equity funding. This company present 2 (2010 and 2011) total debt to equity ratio, more total debt than equity, this imply that greater is this ratio greater is strain on the company to make regular payments to debts holders and high is the risk of bankruptcy.

Venetian Society in the 16th Century

During the 16th century Venetian society was one genuinely very much of who u knew and what name u carried. I ga at that placed this from information act1 guess1 when Iago and Roderigo are talking of Iagos failure to secure the position of The Moors lieutenant, In private suit to make me his lieutenant. To origin with, it becomes clear at the very start of the act that Iago is simply utilise Roderigo as a pawn in the plan he has conspired, both for connections and for money, as Roderigo says I take it much unkindly that thou, Iago, who hast had my purse As if the strings were thine shouldst spot of this. The way in which Iago replies is a brush off of Roderigos worried and confirms that he is alone using this art object for plainly his money and probably his connection as we know that Roderigo is a man of heavy name, and one of no great intelligence. Iago goes on to use Iago in his telling Brabantio of his daughters antics with The Moor.This leads me on to two more imp lys some this society. Iago is telling Brabantio of the whereabouts of his daughter, Look to your house, your daughter and your bags The mention of Desdemona, the daughter, comes in mention with a list of Brabantio posessions. This is indicative of the way in which women were regarded during this time in Venetian Society. In Shakespeares play Othello many aspects of society are undertaken and explored, the three women in the play hold vital roles in this, we later find that only one of the women in this play survives. Women were thought of as possessions, particularly of their fathers and wherefore later on, of their husbands.Talking of Desdemonas elopement with Othello is also indicative of the racism present in spite of appearance the society. Iago refers to Othello as an old black ram and the Moor. Both of these are very antiblack names, a Moor is a coloured person from Africa, and the reference to fauna form is insulting in itself, even more so when declared along side old . The way in which Iago talks is very rocky and provocative towards Brabantio, youll have your daughter covered with a Barbary horse, youll have your nephews more or less to you.This is a reference to Othello as a Barbary horse covering, again using animalistic imagery to insult, and using Othellos race to upset Brabantio more than admit be. By covering, Iago is implying to Brabantio that his daughter is having sexual intercourse with Othello, aiming only to make matters worse. This report of racial discrimination is also present at the beginning of the scene when Iago talks of Michael Cassio, the man whom Othello came to choose as his Lieutenant.He refers to him as a Florentine, clearly meant as an insult, implying that even within Italy as a country, there is prejudice between separate counterparts. I believe that part of the close for Brabantios anger when he finds out about his daughters disappearance is because of Othellos race. There is obviously a relatively substantial gap in age, although I do non believe this to be an issue for those involved, as it was common form _or_ system of government to marry young daughters to older men at that point in time.The irony of the situation is that Othello is most likely more of a self-made man in business than any rival suitor Brabantio whitethorn have selected for his daughter True success counts for very little. However, despite rise of racism, there is some contrary evidence. Othello, though a coloured man has far conked Iago or Roderigo in success, and Iago is clearly prejudiced toward Othello because he was not offered the job as Othellos right hand man, and towards Cassio because he was chosen to be so.This leaves me with the impression that within this society prejudice was only formed if you happened to exceed someone else or they felt some reason to be jealous. overall I have gathered that the Venetian society at this point in time was an excusive and wealthy society in which a good name was e verything and loyalty and honesty were of very little worth, as Iago exaggerates when talking of his want to Whip me such honest knaves Have some soul (lines 44 to 54).

China – Geert Hofstede

4/22/13 China Geert Hofstede THE HOFSTEDE CENTRE (index. php) GET CERTIFIED Select a Country United States in Intercultural Manage custodyt and (/certification- Culture by Organisational courses. html) in comparison with the below China THE HOFSTEDE CENTRE (thehofstede-centre. html) 118 80 91 GEERT HOFSTEDE (geerthofstede. html) interior(a) CULTURE (nationalculture. html) 66 DIMENSIONS (dimensions. html) 62 30 46 29 40 COUNTRIES (countries. html) APPLICATIONS (applications. html) 20 COURSES (interculturalmanagement-courses. html) PDI IDV China MAS UAI LTO United States ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE (organisational-culture. tml) EVENTS AND COURSES (eventscourses. html) FAQ (faq. html) What intimately China? If we research the Chinese culture through the lens of the 5-D Model, we can get a good overview of the deep drivers of Chinese culture relative to other human cosmoss cultures. Power distance This dimension deals with the f flake that all individuals in societies argon not equal it expresses the attitude of the culture towards these inequalities amongst us. Power distance is be as the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organisations within a rural bea expect and accept that power is distributed unequally.At 80 China sits in the higher(prenominal) rankings of PDI i. e. a golf-club that believes that inequalities amongst lot are acceptable. The subordinate-superior relationship tends to be polarized and at that place is no defense against power abuse by superiors. Individuals are beguiled by formal authority and sanctions and are in general optimistic about peoples capacity for leadership and initiative. People should not ease up aspirations beyond their rank. Contact Imprint (contact. html) (imprint. html) Individualism The fundamental issue communicate by this dimension is the degree of interdependence a inn maintains among its members.It has to do with whether people? s self-image is defined in stipulations of I or We . In Individualist societies people are supposed to look later themselves and their direct family only. In Collectivist societies people belong to in groups that recall care of them in exchange for loyalty. At a arrive at of 20 China is a highly collectivist culture where people act in the interests of the group and not needs of themselves. In-group considerations affect hiring and promotions with closer in-groups (such as family) are getting preferential treatment.Employee commitment to the organization (but not necessarily to the people in the organization) is low. Whereas relationships with colleagues are cooperative for in-groups they are cold or even hostile to out-groups. Personal relationships prevail over task and company. maleness / Femininity geert-hofstede. com/china. html 1/2 4/22/13 China Geert Hofstede A high pull in (masculine) on this dimension indicates that the fellowship go out be driven by competition, achievement and mastery, with success being defined by the winner / high hat in field a value system that starts in school and continues throughout organisational behaviour.A low score (feminine) on the dimension means that the dominant values in society are caring for others and quality of life. A feminine society is ace where quality of life is the sign of success and standing out from the assembly is not admirable. The fundamental issue here is what motivates people, wanting to be the best (masculine) or liking what you do (feminine). At 66 China is a masculine society success oriented and driven. The need to ensure success can be exemplified by the fact that many Chinese will sacrifice family and leisure priorities to work.Service people (such as hairdressers) will provide service until very late at night. Leisure time is not so important. The migrated farmer workers will leave their families behind in fara steering places in order to obtain better work and pay in the cities. other scrutinyple is that Chinese students care v ery much about their exam scores and ranking as this is the main criteria to achieve success or not. Uncertainty vacateance The dimension Uncertainty Avoidance has to do with the way that a society deals with the fact that the future can never be known should we try to control the future or just permit it happen?This ambiguity brings with it anguish and different cultures have learnt to deal with this anxiety in different ways. The extent to which the members of a culture feel exist by ambiguous or unknown situations and have created beliefs and institutions that try to avoid these is reflected in the UAI score. At 30 China has a low score on uncertainty avoidance. Truth whitethorn be relative though in the immediate social circles there is concern for Truth with a capital T and rules (but not necessarily laws) abound. None the less, adherence to laws and rules may be flexible to vitrine the actual situation and pragmatism is a fact of life.The Chinese are comfortable with ambi guity the Chinese phrase is full of ambiguous meanings that can be difficult for Western people to follow. Chinese are adaptable and entrepreneurial. At the time of writing the absolute majority (70% -80%) of Chinese businesses tend to be small to medium sized and family owned. wide boundary orientation The long term orientation dimension is intimately related to the teachings of Confucius and can be interpreted as dealing with societys search for virtue, the extent to which a society shows a hardheaded future-oriented perspective rather than a conventional historical short-term charge up of view.With a score of 118 China is a highly long term oriented society in which persistence and perseverance are normal. Relationships are ordered by status and the order is observed. Nice people are thrifty and sparing with resources and investment tends to be in long term projects such as real estate. Traditions can be adapted to suit new conditions. Chinese people recognize that governm ent is by men rather than as in the Low LTO countries by an external influence such as God or the law. Thinking ways pore on the full or no confidence, contrasting with low LTO countries that ring in probabilistic ways. geert-hofstede. com/china. html 2/2

Qualites of an Effective Helper Essay

I believe that ill be an rough-and-ready facilitateer because I am caring trustful h hotshotst and hold minded. I withal sleep together What its like self , family problems I also know the feelings of being unwanted and unloved is so Powerful that its nasty to over come. I am motivated by desire to help oneself all types of people work thought their problems no matter how spoiled or little they are. The qualities that I dumbfound that will make me an effectual helper are that I am a good listener, I am open- minded about all most everything steady if I dont really understand.I am honest and I dont mind telling the truth to virtuallyone even if it weakeneds their feelings sometimes people need to hear the truth it helps them see it through and through mortals elses eyes, but I also know when to be respectful to other people needs, beliefs and values. I have had some personal problems that I think other people may have, I dont mind sacramental manduction them with a clie nt to display them that I have been down that road in life and with sharing I would hope that it will help our relationship.I dont like to assay people because at some point in life everyone has had some kinds of problems and I have no right to judge we are all human we all live and learn. I have an happy go lucky presonallalliti so smiling and showing that I care comes easy for me, I have no problem set myself on the spot to break the ice with a client. I am a patience person, I know that time is the key to help out with the relationship,, I know that it is substantial to open up to someone that you think will judge you. I believe that helping a client find forgiveness it the key to most problems and that forgiving ourselves is one of the hardest things to do.I believe that everyone should have respect for all and be understanding, I pronounce to understand everyones views, values and beliefs but when it comes to someone that has sexual abuse or killed a child would be really hard for me because I see children as the best gift in life, I dont understand how any one would want to hurt them in any way. I know that they may have had it through with(p) to them . If I had to work with that has done one of those thing I would try really hard to put my feelings aside as best as I could. Nicki Prudhomme